Colonial Families of the Usa, 1607-1775 Stories, Memories & Histories
"Colonial America" redirects hither. For other uses, run across Colonial America (disambiguation).
Template:Morefootnotes
| History of the U.s.a. | |
 This article is part of a serial | |
| Timeline | |
|---|---|
| Pre-Columbian menstruum | |
| Colonial menses | |
| 1776 – 1789 | |
| 1789 – 1849 | |
| 1849 – 1865 | |
| 1865 – 1918 | |
| 1918 – 1945 | |
| 1945 – 1964 | |
| 1964 – 1980 | |
| 1980 – 1991 | |
| 1991 - 2001 | |
| 2000s | |
| Topic | |
| West expansion | |
| Overseas expansion | |
| Diplomatic history | |
| Military history | |
| Technological and industrial history | |
| Economic history | |
| Cultural history | |
| History of the South | |
| Ceremonious Rights (1896–1954) | |
| Civil Rights (1955–1968) | |
| Women's history | |
| LGBT rights in the United States | |
| United States Portal |
The term colonial history of the United States refers to the history of the land that would go the United States from the start of European settlement to the time of independence from Europe, and especially to the history of the thirteen colonies of United kingdom which declared themselves independent in 1776.[one] Starting in the late 16th century, the Castilian, the British, the French, Swedes and the Dutch began to colonize eastern North America.[ii] Many early attempts—notably the Lost Colony of Roanoke—ended in failure, just successful colonies were soon established. The colonists who came to the New World were not alike; they came from a variety of different social and religious groups who settled in different locations on the seaboard. The Dutch of New Netherland, the Swedes and Finns of New Sweden, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, the Puritans of New England, the English settlers of Jamestown, and the "worthy poor" of Georgia, and others—each grouping came to the new continent for unlike reasons and created colonies with distinct social, religious, political and economic structures.[3]
Historians typically recognize four singled-out regions in the lands that afterward became the Eastern U.s.. Listed from north to south, they are: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Bay Colonies (Upper South) and the Lower South. Some historians add a 5th region, the frontier, equally borderland regions from New England to Georgia resembled each other in certain respects. Other colonies in the pre-United states of america territories include New France (Louisiana), New Spain (including Florida, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado and Wyoming), Columbia District (Washington state, Oregon and northern California) and Russian Alaska.
Contents
- 1 Motives for colonization
- 2 Early colonial failures
- 3 Spanish colonies
- 3.1 Florida
- 3.2 New Mexico (1598-1821)
- three.three California (1765-1821)
- four New Netherland
- 5 New France
- 6 Russian colonies
- 7 British colonies
- 7.ane Convict settlers
- 7.ii Chesapeake Bay surface area
- 7.2.1 Jamestown
- vii.3 New England
- 7.three.1 Pilgrims
- seven.iii.2 Puritans
- vii.4 Middle Colonies
- 7.v Lower South
- seven.5.one Carolinas
- 7.v.2 Georgia
- 7.v.three Due east and Westward Florida
- eight Unification of the British colonies
- 8.1 A common defense
- eight.2 French and Indian War
- 8.3 Ties to the British Empire
- 9 From unity to revolution
- 9.1 Royal Proclamation
- 9.2 Acts of Parliament
- 10 Colonial life
- 10.one New England
- 10.1.1 Subcontract life
- x.1.2 Town life
- 10.ane.3 Culture and education
- x.1.4 Religion
- 10.two Mid-Atlantic Region
- 10.2.i Ways of life
- 10.ii.two Farming
- 10.one New England
Motives for colonization [ ]
The principal colonizing regions of Europe were those where ocean-worthy shipbuilding innovations and navigational technology and skills were developing, also as an expanding population willing and able to constitute themselves in foreign lands. The Castilian and Portuguese centuries-old experience of conquest and colonization during the Reconquista, coupled with new oceanic transport navigation skills (adult mainly in Italia [citation needed]), provided the tools, power, and desire to colonize the New World. The English language, French, and Dutch of northwest Europe were slower to start colonies in America. They had the power to build sea-worthy ships, merely did not have equally stiff a history of colonization in foreign lands as did Spain, although the English conquest and colonization of parts of Ireland played a office in the afterward development of larger scale colonization efforts As the "New Monarchs" began to forge nations, they acquired the degree of centralized wealth and power necessary to begin systematic attempts at exploration. Not all exploratory undertakings, however, were done by central governments. Charter companies and joint stock companies as well played a crucial role in exploration. Spain'south experience during the Reconquista gave their American colonization efforts qualities of centralized governmental command, military conquest, and religious missionary efforts. In contrast, northwest Europe'south experience with early capitalism (mercantilism), going back to organizations like the Hanseatic League, gave their colonization of America qualities of merchant-based investment and much less regime command.
Early on colonial failures [ ]
Spain established several colonies in the area that is now the The states. Several of these early on attempts failed. In 1526, Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón founded the colony San Miguel de Guadalupe in present solar day Georgia or Due south Carolina. The colony only lasted a short while earlier disintegrating. It was also notable for perhaps beingness the first instance of African slave labor inside the present boundaries of the United States. Pánfilo de Narváez attempted to get-go a colony in Florida in 1528. The Narváez expedition concluded in disaster with only four members making information technology to Mexico in 1536. The Spanish Colony of Pensacola in West Florida (1559) was destroyed by a hurricane in 1561. Fort San Juan was established in 1567 in the interior of North Carolina simply was destroyed by local Native Americans 18 months afterward. The Ajacan Mission, founded in 1570, failed the adjacent yr, very near the site of the after English colony of Jamestown.
The French established several colonies that failed, due to weather, affliction or conflict with other European powers. A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island, Southward Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort, but left after a year when they were not resupplied from France. Fort Caroline established in nowadays-twenty-four hour period Jacksonville, Florida in 1564, lasted only a year earlier being destroyed by the Castilian from St. Augustine. In 1604, Saint Croix Island, Maine was the site of a brusque-lived French colony, much plagued by disease, perhaps scurvy. Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685, but was gone by 1688.
The about notable English failures were the "Lost Colony of Roanoke" (1587-90) in N Carolina and Popham Colony in Maine (1607-eight). It was at the Roanoke Colony that the first English child, Virginia Dare, was born in the Americas; her fate is unknown.
Castilian colonies [ ]
Florida [ ]
- Main article: History of Florida
Spain established a lot pocket-sized settlements in Florida, nigh of which were before long abased. The well-nigh important settlement was at St. Augustine, Florida, founded in 1565. It was repeatedly attacked and burned, with most residents killed or fled. Missionaries converted 26,000 natives past 1655, but a revolt in 1656 and an epidemic in 1659 proved devastating. Pirate attacks were unrelenting against small outposts and even against St Augustine. The British and their colonies repeatedly made state of war against Spain and its colonies and outposts. South Carolina launched large calibration invasions in 1702 and 1704, which effectively destroyed the Spanish mission organization. St Augustine survived, but English-allied Indians such equally the Yamasee conducted slave raids throughout Florida, killing or enslaving most of the region'due south natives. St Augustine itself was captured in 1740. Their main food source was fish they found in rivers and animals they hunted.
The British and Spanish had been enemies for many decades. The conflicts in Spanish Florida were one part of a larger, global struggle. In the mid-1700s, invading Seminoles killed most of the remaining local Indians. Florida had well-nigh 3,000 Spaniards when Britain took command in 1763. Most all speedily left. Fifty-fifty though command was restored to Spain in 1783, Kingdom of spain sent no more settlers or missionaries to Florida. The U.S. took possession in 1819.
New Mexico (1598-1821) [ ]
- Main article: History of New Mexico
Throughout the 16th century, Espana explored the southwest from Mexico with the nigh notable explorer being Francisco Coronado whose expedition rode throughout mod New Mexico, Arizona, southern Colorado, the panhandle of Oklahoma, and Kansas. However, no settlements were established by Coronado. The outset colonization was nether Don Juan de Oñate in 1598 where the first settlement in San Juan de Los Caballeros nearly Española, New Mexico and later on Santa Atomic number 26, New United mexican states around 1609. From their base in Santa Fe, the Spaniards explored the west including Utah, Wyoming, western Nebraska, Arizona, Nevada, and California. The settlements spread throughout the upper Rio Grande Basin with three Villas existence founded; Santa Fe, Chimayo de Santa Cruz, and Albuquerque in add-on to many far flung smaller settlements and missions. The second colonization came in 1692 under Diego de Vargas later the Pueblo Revolt. Even though there take been several claims within the boundaries of the Kingdom of New United mexican states by several foreign powers (Texas, France, The states), command had always been maintained past Spain (223 years) and later Mexico (25 years) until the arrival of the American Army of the West under Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny in 1846 during the Mexican-American War. Many directly descendants of the original colonists live on the state grants granted by Espana and later Mexico to this day.
California (1765-1821) [ ]
- Chief article: History of California to 1899
The ruins of the Spanish Mission San Juan Capistrano in California.
Castilian explorers sailed along the coast of California from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century, simply no settlements were established.
During the last quarter of the 18th century, the first European settlements were established in California. Reacting to interest by Russia and peradventure Great Britain in the fur-begetting animals of the Pacific coast, Spain created a series of Catholic missions, accompanied by troops and ranches, along the southern and central coast of California. Begetter Junípero Serra, a Franciscan missionary, founded the mission chain, starting with San Diego de Alcalá in 1769. The California Missions comprised a series of outposts established to spread Christianity amongst the local Native Americans, with the added benefit of confirming celebrated Spanish claims to the surface area. The missions introduced European technology, livestock and crops, while keeping the native people in peonage. The highway and missions became for many a romantic symbol of an idyllic and peaceful past[citation needed]. The "Mission Revival Fashion" was an architectural motion that drew its inspiration from this idealized view of California's by.
The outset quarter of the 19th century continued the slow colonization of the southern and primal California coast by Spanish missionaries, ranchers, and troops. By 1820, Castilian influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from San Diego to just north of today's San Francisco Bay area, and extended inland approximately 25 to l miles (40 to 80 km) from the missions. Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were standing to lead traditional lives. The Adams-Onís Treaty, signed in 1819 prepare the northern purlieus of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel, effectively creating today'due south northern boundary of California. The Spanish (and later the Mexicans) encouraged settlement of California with large country grants that were turned into cattle and sheep ranches. The Hispanic population reached almost 10,000 in the 1840s.
New Netherland [ ]
- Main article: New Netherland
Template:New Netherland
A map of New Amsterdam in 1660
Nieuw-Nederland, or New Netherland, was the seventeenth century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on northeastern coast of Northward America. Dutch claims to the region were based on explorations fabricated between 1609 and 1614, the first made past Henry Hudson along the river which today bears his name. The claimed territory stretched from the Delmarva Peninsula in mod Virginia to Buzzards Bay in modern Massachusetts. Notwithstanding, settlement was never this widespread with a summit population of less than 10,000 in several widely separated communities, many of whom were not Dutch. The areas which were actually settled are now function of the Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. The Dutch established a patroon system with feudal-like rights given to a few powerful landholders simply besides established religious tolerance and costless trade. The colony'south capital, New Amsterdam, founded in 1625 and located at the southern tip of the isle of Manhattan on the Upper New York Bay, would grow to become the largest urban center in the USA. The urban center was surrendered to the British in 1664, and complete command of the colony was relinquished with the Treaty of Westminster in 1674.
New France [ ]
- Main article: New France
Map of the furthest extant of New French republic (in blue), most 1750
New France was the area colonized by French republic from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763. Giovanni da Verrazzano had given the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that state between New Spain (east.g. Mexico) and English Newfoundland (e.g. Canada), thus promoting French interests. [four] At its peak in 1712, the territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to Lake Superior and from the Hudson Bay to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The territory was and so divided into five colonies, each with its own assistants: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana. Tens of thousands of French settlers came, and concentrated in villages along the St. Lawrence River, New Orleans and Acadia. The area around New Orleans and westward of the Mississippi passed to Spain, which ceded information technology to France in 1803, allowing French republic to sell it as the Louisiana Purchase to the U.s..
Russian colonies [ ]
- Main article: Russian Alaska
The islands between Russia and Alaska and the adjacent littoral areas on both sides of the Bering Bounding main were peopled by the Aleut, Yupik, Chukchi and related tribes. The Russian tsars decided to explore the eastern extant of their empire (and decide whether a country span existed between Asia and the Americas). This led to the Second Kamchatka trek in the 1730s and early on 1740s. Exploration of the region led to exploitation of its resources - particularly its furs, as other Russian regions became overexploited.
The first Russian colony in Alaska was founded in 1784 by Grigory Shelikhov.[v] The Russian-American Company was formed in 1799 with the influence of Nikolay Rezanov for the purpose of hunting sea otters for their fur. Subsequently, Russian explorers and settlers connected to plant trading posts in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and as far southward every bit Fort Ross in northern California. Fort Ross in what is now Sonoma County, California was the southernmost Russian colony in continental North America, and was a thriving settlement from 1812 to 1841.[6]
At the instigation of Secretary of State William H. Seward, the U.S. Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire for ii cents an acre, totaling $vii,200,000 on April 9, 1867.
Russian missionaries such as Herman of Alaska established the Orthodox Church among the native tribes. The Orthodox Church building and Alaska Natives proceed to exist closely associated.
In 1815, Dr. Schäffer, a Russian entrepreneur, went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island's governor Kaumualii, vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii, simply the Russian Tsar refused to ratify the treaty. Run across also Orthodox Church in Hawaii and Russian Fort Elizabeth[i].
British colonies [ ]
England fabricated its first successful efforts at the start of the 17th century for several reasons. During this era, English language proto-nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion, assisted by a caste of Protestant militarism and admiration of Queen Elizabeth. At this fourth dimension, nevertheless, there was no official attempt by the English authorities to create a colonial empire. Rather, the motivation backside the founding of colonies was piecemeal and variable. Applied considerations, such as commercial enterprise, over-population and the desire for freedom of religion, played their parts. Over half of all European migrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants.[vii]
Convict settlers [ ]
Between the tardily 1610s and the American Revolution, the British shipped an estimated 50,000 convicts to its American colonies.[viii] The outset convicts to arrive pre-dated the arrival of the Mayflower .
Chesapeake Bay area [ ]
- Main article: Jamestown, Virginia
The 1606 grants past James I to the London and Plymouth companies. The overlapping area (xanthous) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles (160 km) of each other. The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by "J"
Jamestown [ ]
The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established in 1607, on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. The venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely hard, with very high expiry rates from affliction and starvation, wars with local Indians, and little aureate. The colony survived, barely, by turning to tobacco as a cash crop. By the tardily 17th century, Virginia's export economy was largely based on tobacco, and new, richer settlers came in to take upwardly large portions of state, build large plantations and import indentured servants and slaves. In 1676, Bacon's Rebellion occurred, but was suppressed by majestic officials. Subsequently Bacon'southward Rebellion, African slaves rapidly replaced English and Irish indentured servants equally Virginia's main labor force.
The colonial assembly that had governed the colony since its establishment was dissolved, merely was reinstated in 1630. It shared ability with a royally appointed governor. On a more than local level, governmental power was invested in county courts, also non elected. As cash crop producers, Chesapeake plantations were heavily dependent on trade. With piece of cake navigation by river, few towns and no cities developed; planters shipped straight to United kingdom. Loftier decease rates and a very young population profile characterized the colony during its get-go years.
New England [ ]
- Master article: Connecticut Colony
Pilgrims [ ]
- Principal article: Pilgrims
The Pilgrims were a modest Protestant sect based in England and holland. One group sailed on the Mayflower and settled in Massachusetts. After drawing upwardly the Mayflower Meaty by which they gave themselves wide powers of self-governance, they established the small Plymouth Colony in 1620; Plymouth afterwards merged with the Massachusetts Bay colony. William Bradford was their main leader. The Connecticut Colony was an English colony that became the U.S. state of Connecticut, although prior to 1664 it was claimed past the Dutch every bit part of New Netherland, with a 1623 settlement at Hartford, called Fort Goede Hoop, which pre-dates any English settlement in the state. Originally known as the River Colony, the colony was organized on March 3, 1636 equally a haven for Puritan noblemen. Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a theologian, Baptist preacher, and linguist on country gifted by the Narragansett sachem Canonicus. Roger Williams, fleeing from religious persecution in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, agreed with his fellow settlers on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule "in civil things" and "liberty of conscience".
Puritans [ ]
- Main article: Puritans
The Puritans, a much larger grouping than the Pilgrims, established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church building in the New Globe. Within two years, an boosted 2,000 settlers arrived. The Puritans created a securely religious, socially tight-knit and politically innovative culture that is yet present in the modern Usa[citation needed]. They hoped this new land would serve as a "redeemer nation." Seeking the true organized religion, they fled England and in America attempted to create a "nation of saints" or the "City upon a Hill," an intensely religious, thoroughly righteous community designed to be an example for all of Europe. Roger Williams, who preached religious toleration, separation of Church and Land, and a consummate break with the Church of England, was banished and founded Rhode Island Colony, which became a haven for other religious refugees from the Puritan community. Anne Hutchinson, a preacher of Antinomianism, too was exiled to Rhode Isle.
Economically, Puritan New England fulfilled the expectations of its founders. Unlike the cash-crop oriented plantations of the Chesapeake region, the Puritan economic system was based on the efforts of individual farmers, who harvested enough crops to feed themselves and their families and to trade for goods they could not produce themselves. There was a mostly higher economic standing and standard of living in New England than in the Chesapeake. On the other hand, boondocks leaders in New England could literally rent out the town's impoverished families for a year to anyone who could afford to board them, equally a form of alms and as a form of cheap labor[citation needed]. Along with farming growth, New England became an important mercantile and shipbuilding center, often serving as the hub for trading between the South and Europe.
Middle Colonies [ ]
- Principal article: Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-24-hour interval states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large caste of variety—religious, political, economic, and ethnic. The Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the British and renamed New York just big numbers of Dutch remained in the colony. Many German and Irish gaelic immigrants settled in these areas, too every bit in Connecticut. A large portion of the settlers who came to Pennsylvania were High german.
Lower South [ ]
The colonial South included the plantation colonies of the Chesapeake region (Virginia, Maryland, and, by some classifications, Delaware) and the lower South (Carolina, which eventually split into North and South Carolina, and Georgia).
Carolinas [ ]
- Main commodity: Province of Carolina
The start attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina. It was a individual venture, financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors, who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663, hoping that a new colony in the s would go profitable like Jamestown. Carolina was non settled until 1670, and fifty-fifty then the offset effort failed because in that location was no incentive for emigration to the south. Even so, eventually the Lords combined their remaining uppercase and financed a settlement mission to the surface area led past John West. The expedition located fertile and defensible footing at what was to become Charleston (originally Charles Town for Charles II of England), thus beginning the English language colonization of the mainland. The original settlers in South Carolina established a lucrative merchandise in provisions, deerskins and Indian captives with the Caribbean area islands. They came mainly from the English colony of Barbados and brought African slaves with them. Barbados, as a wealthy sugarcane plantation island, was one of the early English language colonies to use big numbers of Africans in plantation style agriculture. The cultivation of rice was introduced during the 1690s via Africans from the rice-growing regions of West Africa. North Carolina remained a frontier through the early colonial period.
At start, Southward Carolina was politically divided. Its indigenous makeup included the original settlers, a group of rich, slave-owning English language settlers from the island of Barbados; and Huguenots, a French-speaking community of Protestants. Well-nigh continuous frontier warfare during the era of King William'southward War and Queen Anne'southward War drove economic and political wedges between merchants and planters. The disaster of the Yamasee War, in 1715, set off a decade of political turmoil. By 1729, the proprietary government had collapsed, and the Proprietors sold both colonies back to the British crown.
Georgia [ ]
- Master article: Province of Georgia
Savannah, Georgia Colony, Early 1700's
James Oglethorpe, an 18th century British Member of Parliament, established Georgia Colony as a common solution to 2 problems. At that time, tension between Spain and Peachy Britain was loftier, and the British feared that Castilian Florida was threatening the British Carolinas. Oglethorpe decided to institute a colony in the contested border region of Georgia and populate it with debtors who would otherwise accept been imprisoned according to standard British practice. This plan would both rid United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland of its undesirable elements and provide her with a base of operations from which to set on Florida. The first colonists arrived in 1733.
Georgia was established on strict moralistic principles. Slavery was forbidden, equally was alcohol and other forms of supposed immorality. Nonetheless, the reality of the colony was far from ideal. The colonists were unhappy about the puritanical lifestyle and complained that their colony could not compete economically with the Carolina rice plantations. Georgia initially failed to prosper, but somewhen the restrictions were lifted, slavery was allowed, and information technology became equally prosperous as the Carolinas. The colony of Georgia never had a specific religion. Information technology consisted of people of varied faiths.
East and West Florida [ ]
- Master commodity: East Florida
In 1763, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland received Eastward and West Florida from the Spanish. The Floridas remained loyal to United kingdom during the American Revolution. They were returned to Spain in 1783 (in exchange for Havana), at which time almost Englishmen left. The Spanish then neglected the Floridas: few Spaniards lived in that location when the United states of america bought the area in 1819.
Unification of the British colonies [ ]
A common defence [ ]
One event that reminded colonists of their shared identity equally British subjects was the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) in Europe. This conflict spilled over into the colonies, where it was known as "Rex George's State of war"; most of the fighting took place in Europe, British colonial troops attacked French Canada.
At the Albany Congress of 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed that the colonies be united by a Grand Council overseeing a common policy for defense, expansion, and Indian diplomacy. While the program was thwarted by colonial legislatures and King George II, it was an early on indication that the British colonies of Due north America were headed towards unification.
French and Indian War [ ]
George Washington during the French and Indian War
Benjamin Franklin's political cartoon calling for colonial unity during the French and Indian War; it would be used once more during the American Revolution.
- Main article: French and Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was the American extension of the full general European conflict known every bit the Seven Years' War. While previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, the French and Indian War is notable for having started in Due north America and and so spreading to Europe. Increasing contest between Great britain and France, especially in the Slap-up Lakes and Ohio valley, was one of the master origins of the state of war.
The French and Indian State of war took on a new significance for the Due north American colonists in Great U.k. when William Pitt the elderberry decided that it was necessary to win the war against France at all costs. For the first time, North America was one of the main theaters of what could exist termed a "world war." During the war, the British Colonies' (including the thirteen colonies' that would later become the basis of the Us) position as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent, as British military and noncombatant officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans. The war also increased a sense of American unity in other means. It caused men, who might ordinarily accept never left their own colony, to travel across the continent, fighting alongside men from decidedly different, yet still "American", backgrounds. Throughout the course of the state of war, British officers trained American ones (nigh notably George Washington) for boxing--which would later benefit the American Revolution. Too, land legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively, for arguably the first time, in pursuit of the continent-broad military effort.
Territorial changes following the French and Indian State of war: state held by the British before 1763 is shown in ruby-red, land gained by United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in 1763 is shown in pink.
In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France surrendered its vast North American empire to Britain. Before the war, Great britain held the thirteen American colonies, nigh of present-day Nova Scotia, and most of the Hudson Bay watershed. Post-obit the war, Uk gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, the Bang-up Lakes, and the Ohio valley. Britain also gained the Spanish colonies of East and West Florida. In removing a major foreign threat to the xiii colonies, the war also largely removed the colonists' demand of colonial protection.
The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a mutual foe. The colonists' loyalty to the female parent country was stronger than e'er earlier. Nevertheless, disunity was beginning to grade. British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the state of war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and revenue enhancement funds from Britain itself. This was a successful wartime strategy, but after the state of war was over, each side believed that it had borne a greater brunt than the other. The British populace, the most heavily taxed of any in Europe, pointed out angrily that the colonists paid fiddling to the royal coffers. The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than than their ain. This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution.
Ties to the British Empire [ ]
Although the colonies were very different from ane another, they were withal a part of the British Empire in more than but name.
Socially, the colonial elite of Boston, New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia saw their identity equally British. Although many had never been to England, they imitated British styles of wearing apparel, trip the light fantastic, and etiquette. This social upper echelon congenital its mansions in the Georgian manner, copied the piece of furniture designs of Thomas Chippendale, and participated in the intellectual currents of Europe, such as Enlightenment. To many of their inhabitants, the seaport cities of colonial America were truly British cities.
Many of the political structures of the colonies drew upon diverse English political traditions, most notably the Commonwealthmen and the Whig traditions. Many Americans at the time saw the colonies' systems of governance as modeled after the British constitution of the time, with the king respective to the governor, the House of Commons to the colonial associates, and the Business firm of Lords to the Governor'southward quango. The codes of law of the colonies were oftentimes fatigued directly from English language law; indeed, English mutual law survives not only in Canada, but fifty-fifty in the mod United States. Eventually, it was a dispute over the meaning of some of these political ideals, particularly political representation, and a growing unity among the new generations that led to the American Revolution.
Another point on which the colonies found themselves more than similar than different was the booming import of British goods. The British economic system had begun to grow rapidly at the stop of the 17th century, and by the mid-18th century, pocket-sized factories in Great britain were producing much more than than the nation could consume. Finding a market for their goods in the British colonies of North America, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland increased her exports to that region by 360% between 1740 and 1770. Because British merchants offered generous credit to their customers, Americans began buying staggering amounts of English appurtenances. From Nova Scotia to Florida, all British subjects bought like products, creating and anglicizing a sort of common identity.
From unity to revolution [ ]
Royal Proclamation [ ]
The general sentiment of inequity that arose shortly after the Treaty of Paris was solidified past the Majestic Announcement of 1763, which temporarily prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists resented the measure, and it was never enforced.
Acts of Parliament [ ]
Parliament had mostly been preoccupied with affairs in Europe and let the colonies govern themselves. It was no longer willing to exercise so. A serial of measures resulting from this policy modify, while affecting the New England colonies most direct would continue to arouse opposition in the 'xiii colonies' over the adjacent xiii years:
- Currency Human activity (1764)
- Sugar Act (1764)
- Stamp Human activity 1765
- Commencement Quartering Human action (1765)
- Declaratory Human activity (1766)
- Townshend Revenue Deed (1767)
- Tea Act (1773)
- The Intolerable Acts, also called the Coercive or Punitive Acts
- 2d Quartering Human activity (1774)
- Quebec Human activity (1774)
- Massachusetts Government Human action (1774)
- Administration of Justice Act (1774)
- Boston Port Human activity (1774)
- Prohibitory Act (1775)
Colonial life [ ]
New England [ ]
In New England, the Puritans created self-governing communities of religious congregations of farmers, or yeomen, and their families. High-level politicians gave out plots of country to male settlers, or proprietors, who and so divided the land amid themselves. Large portions were normally given to men of higher social standing, but every white man had enough land to support a family unit. Also important was the fact that every white man had a voice in the town coming together. The town meeting levied taxes, built roads, and elected officials to manage boondocks affairs.
The Congregational Church, the church the Puritans founded, was not automatically joined by all New England residents considering of Puritan beliefs that God singled out just a few specific people for salvation. Instead, membership was limited to those who could convincingly "test" before members of the church that they had been saved. They were known as "the elect" or "Saints" and fabricated up less than 40% of the population of New England.
Farm life [ ]
A majority of New England residents were small farmers. Within these pocket-size farm families, and English language families as well, a man had complete power over the property and his wife. When married, an English adult female lost her maiden name and personal identity, meaning she could not ain property, file lawsuits, or participate in political life, fifty-fifty when widowed. The role of wives was to enhance and nurture good for you children and back up their husbands. Most women carried out these duties. In the mid-18th century, women usually married in their early 20s and had half-dozen to eight children, most of whom survived to machismo. Farm women provided most of the materials needed past the rest of the family by spinning yarn from wool and knitting sweaters and stockings, making candles and soap, and churning milk into butter.
long-term economical growth
Most New England parents tried to help their sons establish farms of their own. When sons married, fathers gave them gifts of land, livestock, or farming equipment; daughters received household goods, farm animals, and/or greenbacks. Arranged marriages were very unusual; normally, children chose their ain spouses from within a circle of suitable acquaintances who shared their religion and social standing. Parents retained veto ability over their children's marriages.
New England farming families mostly lived in wooden houses because of the abundance of trees. A typical New England farmhouse was one-and-a-one-half stories tall and had a strong frame (usually fabricated of big square timbers) that was covered by wooden clapboard siding. A large chimney stood in the middle of the house that provided cooking facilities and warmth during the winter. 1 side of the ground floor contained a hall, a full general-purpose room where the family worked and ate meals. Adjacent to the hall was the parlor, a room used to entertain guests that contained the family unit's best effects and the parent'south bed. Children slept in a loft in a higher place, while the kitchen was either part of the hall or was located in a shed along the dorsum of the house. Because colonial families were large, these small dwellings had much activity and at that place was lilliputian privacy.
By the middle of the 18th century, this way of life was facing a crunch as the region's population had near doubled each generation—from 100,000 in 1700 to 200,000 in 1725, to 350,000 by 1750—considering farm households had many children, and most people lived until they were threescore years old. As colonists in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Isle continued to subdivide their state between farmers, the farms became too pocket-size to back up single families. This overpopulation threatened the New England platonic of a society of contained yeoman farmers.
Some farmers obtained land grants to create farms in undeveloped land in Massachusetts and Connecticut or bought plots of land from speculators in New Hampshire and what later became Vermont. Other farmers became agronomical innovators. They planted nutritious English grass such as red clover and timothy-grass, which provided more feed for livestock, and potatoes, which provided a loftier production rate that was an reward for small farms. Families increased their productivity by exchanging appurtenances and labor with each other. They loaned livestock and grazing land to ane another and worked together to spin yarn, run up quilts, and shuck corn. Migration, agricultural innovation, and economic cooperation were creative measures that preserved New England's yeoman society until the 19th century.
Town life [ ]
Saltbox-style homes originated in New England after 1650
By the mid eighteenth century in New England, shipbuilding was a staple. The British crown frequently turned to the inexpensive, nonetheless strongly built American ships. There was a shipyard at the oral fissure of nigh every river in New England.
By 1750, a variety of artisans, shopkeepers, and merchants provided services to the growing farming population. Blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and furniture makers set upward shops in rural villages. There they congenital and repaired goods needed by subcontract families. Stores selling English manufactures such as cloth, atomic number 26 utensils, and window glass also as Due west Indian products similar saccharide and molasses were set up by traders. The storekeepers of these shops sold their imported appurtenances in exchange for crops and other local products including roof shingles, potash, and barrel staves. These local goods were shipped to towns and cities all forth the Atlantic Declension. Enterprising men set up stables and taverns along wagon roads to service this transportation arrangement.
After these products had been delivered to port towns such as Boston and Salem in Massachusetts, New Haven in Connecticut, and Newport and Providence in Rhode Island, merchants and so exported them to the West Indies where they were traded for molasses, sugar, gilded coins, and bills of exchange (credit slips). They carried the Westward Indian products to New England factories where the raw carbohydrate was turned into granulated and carbohydrate and the molasses distilled into rum. The gold and credit slips were sent to England where they were exchanged for manufactures, which were shipped back to the colonies and sold forth with the sugar and rum to farmers.
Other New England merchants took advantage of the rich angling areas along the Atlantic Coast and financed a large angling fleet, transporting its grab of mackerel and cod to the West Indies and Europe. Some merchants exploited the vast amounts of timber along the coasts and rivers of northern New England. They funded sawmills that supplied cheap forest for houses and shipbuilding. Hundreds of New England shipwrights built oceangoing ships, which they sold to British and American merchants.
Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agronomical population and ended up dominating the order of sea port cities. Unlike yeoman farmhouses, these merchants resembled the lifestyle of that of the upper class of England living in elegant two-and-a-half story houses designed the new Georgian fashion. These Georgian houses had a symmetrical façade with equal numbers of windows on both sides of the central door. The interior consisted of a passageway down the middle of the house with specialized rooms such as a library, dining room, formal parlour, and master bedroom off the sides. Different the multi-purpose halls and parlours of the yeoman houses, each of these rooms served a separate purpose. In a Georgian house, men mainly used certain rooms, such as the library, while women mostly used the kitchen. These houses contained bedrooms on the second floor that provided privacy to parents and children.
Culture and education [ ]
Massachusetts Hall, oldest surviving building at Harvard University, congenital 1718-1720 equally a dormitory
- Master commodity: Pedagogy in Colonial America
Unproblematic education was widespread in New England. Early Puritan settlers believed it was necessary to study the Bible, so children were taught to read at an early age. It was also required that each town pay for a primary school. About 10 pct enjoyed secondary schooling and funded grammar schools in larger towns. Most boys learned skills from their fathers on the subcontract or as apprentices to artisans. Few girls attended formal schools, but near were able to become some education at dwelling house or at so-called "Matriarch schools" where women taught bones reading and writing skills in their own houses. By 1750, most 90% of New England's women and most all of its men could read and write. Many churches in New England established colleges to train ministers while Puritans founded many places of higher learning such as Harvard College in 1636 and Yale College in 1701. Later, Baptists founded Rhode Island College (virtually Dark-brown University) in 1764 and a Congregationlist minister established Dartmouth College in 1769. Keen Britain also founded schools, such as the College of William and Mary in 1693. Few people (no women and a small number of men) attended college, making higher education available just for wealthy merchant families.
New England produced many corking literary works. In fact, more works were created in New England than all of the other colonies combined. Well-nigh of these works were histories, sermons, and personal journals, and were written by ministers or inspired by religious behavior. Cotton wool Mather, a Boston government minister published Magnalia Christi Americana (The Great Works of Christ in America, 1702), while revivalist Jonathan Edwards wrote his philosophical work, A Careful and Strict Research Into...Notions of...Freedom of Volition... (1754). Most music had a religious theme also and was mainly the singing of Psalms. Because of New England'south deep religious behavior, artistic works that were not very religious or too "worldly" were banned. These endeavors included drama and other types of plays.
Organized religion [ ]
Some migrants who came to Colonial America were in search of the freedom to practice forms of Christianity which were prohibited and persecuted in Europe. Since there was no country religion, and since Protestantism had no central authority, religious practice in the colonies became diverse.
One attempt to consolidate religious practice is sometimes called the Keen Enkindling , a controversial term which refers to a northeastern Protestant revival motility that took place in the 1730s and 1740s. The motility began with Jonathan Edwards, a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims' strict Calvinist roots and to reawaken the "Fear of God." English preacher George Whitefield and other afoot preachers continued the motion, traveling beyond the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional manner. Followers of Edwards and other preachers of similar religiosity called themselves the "New Lights", as contrasted with the "Old Lights", who disapproved of their motility. To promote their viewpoints, the two sides established academies and colleges, including Princeton and Williams Higher. The Great Awakening has been called the outset truly American event.[9]
A similar pietistic movement took place among some of the German and Dutch Lutherans, leading to internal dvisions. By the 1770s, the Baptists were growing rapidly both in the due north (where they founded Brown University, and in the Due south (where they challenged the previously unquestioned moral authority of the Anglican establishment).
Mid-Atlantic Region [ ]
Unlike New England, the Mid-Atlantic Region gained much of its population from new immigration, and by 1750, the combined populations of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania had reached nearly 300,000 people. By 1750, most 60,000 Irish and 50,000 Germans came to alive in British North America, many of them settling in the Mid-Atlantic Region. William Penn, the human being who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682, attracted an influx of immigrants with his policies of religious liberty and freehold ownership. "Freehold" meant that farmers owned their land free and clear of leases. The starting time major influx of immigrants came mainly from Ireland and consisted of Irish Presbyterians and Irish Catholics. A smaller clearing came with Germans trying to escape the religious conflicts and declining economic opportunities in Germany and Switzerland.
Ways of life [ ]
Much of the architecture of the Middle Colonies reflects the multifariousness of its peoples. In Albany and New York City, a majority of the buildings were Dutch style with brick exteriors and loftier gables at each end while many Dutch churches were shaped liked an octagon. Using cut stone to build their houses, High german and Welsh settlers in Pennsylvania followed the manner of their homeland and completely ignored the plethora of timber in the surface area. An example of this would be Germantown, Pennsylvania where 80 percent of the buildings in the boondocks were made entirely of stone. On the other hand, settlers from Ireland took advantage of America'south aplenty supply of timber and synthetic sturdy log cabins.
Indigenous cultures also affected the styles of furniture. Rural Quakers preferred simple designs in effects such as tables, chairs, chests and shunned elaborate decorations. However, some urban Quakers had much more elaborate furniture. The city of Philadelphia became a major center of furniture-making because of its massive wealth from Quaker and British merchants. Philadelphian cabinet makers built elegant desks and highboys. German artisans created intricate carved designs on their chests and other article of furniture with painted scenes of flowers and birds. German potters also crafted a large array of jugs, pots, and plates, of both elegant and traditional design.
There were ethnic differences in the treatment of women. Among Puritan settlers in New England, wives well-nigh never worked in the fields with their husbands. In German communities in Pennsylvania, notwithstanding, many women worked in fields and stables. German and Dutch immigrants granted women more command over property, which was non permitted in the local English constabulary. Unlike English language colonial wives, German and Dutch wives owned their own wearing apparel and other items and were likewise given the ability to write wills disposing of the property brought into the marriage.
By the fourth dimension of the Revolutionary War, approximately 85 per cent of white Americans were of English, Irish, Welsh, and Scottish descent. Approximately viii.8 per cent of whites were of German beginnings, and iii.5 per cent were of Dutch origin.
Farming [ ]
Ethnicity made a difference in agricultural practice. As an example, High german farmers mostly preferred oxen rather than horses to pull their plows and Scots-Irish gaelic made a farming economic system based on hogs and corn. In Ireland, people farmed intensively, working small-scale pieces of land trying to go the largest possible production-rate from their crops. In the American colonies, settlers from northern Ireland focused on mixed-farming. Using this technique, they grew corn for human being consumption and as feed for hogs and other livestock. Many improvement-minded farmers of all different backgrounds began using new agricultural practices to raise their output. During the 1750s, these agricultural innovators replaced the hand sickles and scythes used to harvest hay, wheat, and barley with the cradle scythe, a tool with wooden fingers that bundled the stalks of grain for piece of cake collection. This tool was able to triple the amount of work down by farmers in 1 day. Farmers also began fertilizing their fields with dung and lime and rotating their crops to keep the soil fertile.
Before 1720, most colonists in the mid-Atlantic region worked with small-calibration farming and paid for imported manufactures by supplying the Due west Indies with corn and flour. In New York, a fur-pelt export trade to Europe flourished calculation additional wealth to the region. Afterward 1720, mid-Atlantic farming stimulated with the international demand for wheat. A massive population explosion in Europe brought wheat prices upwardly. By 1770, a bushel of wheat price twice equally much as information technology did in 1720. Farmers as well expanded their product of flaxseed and corn since
- ↑ "colonial", Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Accessed on line October 17, 2007.
- ↑ Colonial Due north America
- ↑ Colonial America 1600-1775
- ↑ 1524: The voyage of discoveries, Centro studi storici Verrazzano
- ↑ Meeting of Frontiers: Alaska - The Russian Colonization of Alaska
- ↑ Russian Settlement at Fort Ross, California, in the 19th Century
- ↑ Indentured Servitude in Colonial America, Deanna Barker, Frontier Resources
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
hendersoncousemen.blogspot.com
Source: https://arw.fandom.com/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States
0 Response to "Colonial Families of the Usa, 1607-1775 Stories, Memories & Histories"
Post a Comment